Asylum - Immigration Glossary - Definition of Asylum

Asylum is the protection granted by a nation to a person who cannot return to their home country for fear of prosecution. An asylee is a person who seeks asylum. You may request asylum from the U.S. when you arrive at a U.S. port of entry, or after you arrive in the United States regardless of whether you are in the U.S. legally or illegally. Since its founding, the United States has been a sanctuary for refugees seeking protection from persecution. The country has granted asylum to more than 2 million refugees in the last three decades alone. Who is a Refugee? U.S. law defines a refugee as someone who: Is located outside the United States.Is of special humanitarian concern to the United States.Demonstrates that they â€Å"were persecuted or fear persecution due to race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group.†Is not firmly resettled in another country.Is admissible to the United States. A refugee does not include anyone who â€Å"ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the persecution of any person on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.† So-called economic refugees, those the U.S. government considers to be fleeing poverty in their homelands, are not admissible. For example, thousands of Haitian migrants who washed up on Florida shores have fallen into this category in recent decades, and the government has returned them to their homeland. How Can Someone Obtain Asylum? There are two routes through the legal system for obtaining asylum in the United States: the affirmative process and the defensive process. For asylum through the affirmative process, the refugee must be physically present in the United States. It does not matter how the refugee arrived. Refugees generally must apply to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services within on year of the date of their last arrival in the United States, unless they can show extenuating circumstances that delayed filing. Applicants must file Form I-589, the Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal, to USCIS. If the government rejects the application and the refugee does not have legal immigration status, then USCIS will issue a Form I-862, Notice to Appear, and refer the case to an immigration judge for resolution. According to USCIS, affirmative asylum applicants are rarely detained. Applicants may live in the United States while the government is processing their applications. Applicants can also remain in the country while waiting for a judge to hear their case but are seldom allowed to work here legally. Defensive Application for Asylum A defensive application for asylum is when a refugee requests asylum as protection against removal from the United States. Only refugees that are in removal proceedings in an immigration court can apply for defensive asylum. There generally are two ways refugees wind up in the defensive asylum process under the Executive Office for Immigration Review: USCIS has referred them to an immigration judge after the government has ruled them ineligible for asylum after going through the affirmative process.They were placed in removal proceedings because they were apprehended in the United States without proper legal documents or in violation of their immigration status. Or, they were caught trying to enter the United States without proper documents and designated for expedited removal. It’s important to note that defensive asylum hearings are court-like. They are conducted by immigration judges and are adversarial. The judge will hear arguments from the government and from the petitioner before making a ruling. The immigration judge has the power to grant the refugee a green card or decide whether the refugee may be eligible for other forms of relief. Either side can appeal the judge’s decision. In the affirmative process, the refugee appears before a USCIS asylum officer for a non-adversarial interview. The individual must provide a qualified interpreter for that interview. In the defensive process, the immigration court provides the interpreter. Finding a qualified lawyer is important for refugees trying to navigate the asylum process which can be long and complicated.

Informative Speech About Stress - 821 Words

Grisel Martin-Leal Professor Dean Communications 151 9 October 17 Title: 3 Different Ways to Deal With Stress Exact Speech Purpose: To Inform INTRODUCTION I. Attention-getter: According to the American Institution of Stress, â€Å"44% of Americans feel more stressed than they did 5 years ago, work related stress caus 10% of strokes,stress is the basic cause of 60% all human illnesses and diseases.† II. Thesis: Dealing with stress should be taken more serious in order to prevent future health complications. III. Credibility statement: I have been stressed many times so I know what it’s like. Also, if not all, most of us have gone through some form of stress. It’s important to know how to deal with stress in order to reduce it and be more†¦show more content†¦1. Sub-subpoint Laughter reduces the level of stress hormones like cortisol. It also increases the release of hormones like endorphins. 2. Sub-subpoint Studies show that our response to stressful events can increase by whether we view something as a threat or a challenge. Humor can give us a more lighthearted perspective and help us view events as challenges, which makes them less threatening and seem more positive. B. Subpoint Laughter Therapy 1. Sub-subpoint The Cancer Center of America conducts a study that showed how laughter affected patients. 2. Sub-subpoint Those who laughed more often improved their immune system which caused them to live longer. Those who were more serious and didn’t laugh as much died sooner and had a weaker immune system. Transition: Laughing a lot also works your muscles as they contract and it helps your diaphragm. That brings me to my next and final point which is exercising. III. Main Point: Exercising A. Subpoint Exercising releases you endorphins as well which serve as natural painkillers and exercising pumps your endorphins up, sometimes giving you a natural â€Å"high.† 1. Sub-subpoint For this reason, people are usually in a good mood right after they exercise and they tend to feel good about themselves after a workout as well.You are less likely to be stressed right after a workout. 2. Often when exercising, you forget things because you are so focused on your workout. B. Subpoint Stress prevents peopleShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech On Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment Of Generalized Anxiety Disorder1420 Words   |  6 Pages Planning for the Informative Speech with Analysis Speech Topic: To inform my audience of the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of Generalized anxiety disorder Rhetorical Purpose: To inform my audience about . . . 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I was very proud of myself for presenting, I was so nervous at the time and didnt want to present, but seeing how supportive and respectful my classmates were towards everyone it definitely gave me courage . The reason why I think I received the grade I did was because I spoke about something I truly loved, it was almost effortless which made it easy to deliver the speech. I was able to communicate my excitement well.After this speech I toldRead MoreSpeech About My World Speech715 Words   |  3 Pagesbecause it was the first speech. I ended up with almost a perfect score 49/50! I was very proud of myself for presenting, I was honestly so nervous at the time and didnt want to present but seeing how supportive and respectful my classmates were towards everyone it defin itely gave me courage . The reason why I think I received the grade I did was because I spoke about something I truly loved it was almost effortless which made it easy to deliver the speech. After this speech I told myself to continueRead MoreLearning Competencies1019 Words   |  5 PagesLEARNING COMPETENCIES ENGLISH III LISTENING 1. Shift from one listening strategy to another depending on the text and one ¶s purpose for listening 1.1 Use attentive listening with informative texts and analytical and critical listening with argumentative texts 1.2 Single out reasons cited in argumentative texts and assess the worth of ideas presented based on a set of criteria 1.2.1 Determine whether arguments and conclusions are logical or illogical 1.2.2 Determine the stand of a speakerRead MoreEffects of Alcoholism on the Human Health and Social Life837 Words   |  3 Pageslife General purpose/objective The speech is aimed at highlighting the negative effects that excessive intake of alcohol and habitual alcoholism can have on the social aspects of a person and the health repercussions of the aforementioned behavior. 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What increases heart rate, causes sleep disturbance, makes people cry, act violent, makes some people sleep more and causes untold aches and pains? It s Wednesday! Six hours of homework to do, babysit the little sister, feed the dog, cut the grass, oh and lets not forget your boyfriend is being a jerkRead MoreThe Hidden Danger Of Online Education Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesSpeech 3: Informative Speech Preparation Outline The Hidden Danger of Online Education, by Kimberly Ramirez STATEMENT OF TOPIC: The hidden danger of online education. GENERAL PURPOSE: To inform online students about the hidden dangers of unhealthy ergonomic behaviors and their lasting health impacts. SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To report on the growing development of repetitive stress injuries in students, how it develops, and how to mitigate the risks. 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The Role of Forensic Accountants in Corporate Governance Free Essays

FORENSIC ACCOUNTING FRAUD INVESTIGATION ASSESSMENT TASKS 1 THE ROLE OF FORENSIC ACCOUNTANTS IN CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Corporate governance is defined as the formal mechanism of direction, supervision and control put in place within a company in order to monitor the decisions and actions of its senior managers and ensure these are compatible and consistent with the specific interest of shareholders and the various other interests of shareholders who contribute to the operations of the company. Forensic Accountants are experienced  investigators  of  legal  and  financial documents  that are hired to look into possible suspicions of  fraudulent  activity within a company; or are hired by a company who may just want to prevent fraudulent activities from occurring. They also provide services in areas such as accounting,  antitrust, damages, analysis, valuation, and general consulting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Forensic Accountants in Corporate Governance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forensic accountants have also been used in  divorces,  bankruptcy, insurance claims,  personal injury  claims, fraudulent claims, construction,  royalty  audits, and tracking terrorism by investigating financial records. Forensic Accountant should have the following skills and knowledge to serve as an effective Forensic Accountant. 1. Ability to identify frauds with minimal initial information The Forensic Accountant needs to be able to identify the possible scheme, the possible manner it was perpetrated and potentially effective procedures to prove or disprove the potential fraud. 2. Interviewing The Forensic Accountant get involved in interviewing in the course of seeking evidence and information. Forensic Accountant must be a way that the process ensures the evidence is admissible in a court of law. . Mind – set A successful Forensic Accountant has a certain mind-set that includes several abilities. He or she is able to think like a crook. 4. Knowledge of evidence It is imperative that Forensic Accountant understand the rule of evidence in court and how to conduct the investigation from the beginning as if all evidence will make it to a court of law. 5. Presentation of findings The Forensic Accountant must have the ability to clearly communicate the findings resulting from the investigation in way understandable to the layperson. Forensic accountants think creatively to consider and understand the tactics that a fraud perpetrator may use to commit and conceal fraudulent acts. Additionally, they need to clearly and concisely communicate findings to various parties, including those with less knowledge of accounting and auditing. Forensic accountants that are not part of the organization or company. They are hired in order to investigate the internal and  external performance  of the company, connected with the  accounting process. They provide independent opinion. Role of Forensic accountants Forensic accountant can play their vital role to improve corporate governance in a company. Forensic Accountants assists in addressing   allegations ranging from kickbacks and wrongful dismissals to internal situations involving allegations of management or employee wrongdoing. * With a strong background knowledge of the legal and institutional requirements of corporate governance, a forensic accountant can help to formulate and establish a comprehensive governance policy that: * ensures an appropriate mix of management and independent directors on the board. sets out the appropriate responsibilities of the board and the audit committees. * has a fair allocation of power between owners, management, and the board. * ensures there is a company â€Å"code of ethics† for employees and management * A Forensic Accountant helps the accounting professionals to have a efficient control system and a accounting system that ensures the proper recording, classification and reporting of a ll relevant transactions. * Forensic accountant can monitor not only compliance at the top levels of the corporate power, but also management procedures and employee activity. Information gathered as a result of the monitoring can be used to readjust and reformulate governance, ethics, and control policies. * Forensic accountants can ensure that corporate governance policies are formulated to avoid high-risk environments where management is apathetic, pay is inadequate or too high, there is a serious lack of proper training and compliance, or there are unreasonable profit and budget goals. It is also necessary to have well-defined hiring policies that result in honest, well-qualified employees. A forensic accountant can ensure the integrity of financial statements by actively investigating for fraud, identifying areas of risk and associated fraud symptoms, pursuing each anomaly aggressively, and delving into the finest details of accounting and financial anomalies * Forensic Accountants can help in creating policies that clearly state the company’s intent to take strict action against any criminal activities, and that such action will apply to all l evels of employee, without any exception. At times, a Forensic Accountant can meet with those persons affected by the allegations, rumors, or inquiries. They may view the accountant as an independent and objective party and thus be more willing to engage in discussions. Forensic Accountants can be hired in order to review and strengthen  internal controls, in order to determine if any assets are missing, or to discover if tax laws or accounting rules have been applied correctly to company transactions. They are hired in order to determine if embezzlement has occurred or, if so, how much is missing and how it was done. Conclusion Forensic accountants are currently in great demand, with the public need for honesty, fairness and transparency in reporting increasing exponentially. These forensic accountants need accounting, finance, law, investigative and research skills to identify, interpret, communicate and prevent fraud. As more and more companies look for forensic accountants and professional organizations offer certifications in the area, it is becoming evident that the forensic accountant has a skill set that is very different from an auditor or a financial accountant. The role of the forensic accountant has expanded significantly during the last several years for many reasons, including the requirement for greater scrutiny on corporate governance brought about by the Sarbanes-Oxley legislation and the widespread recognition of the risks and prevalence of financial fraud in today’s business environment. As a result, forensic Accountants are usually retained to support special investigations related to a broad range of subjects. This can include the financial impact of marketplace events, such as intellectual property infringement and anti-trust actions, financial reporting fraud, asset impairment and business valuation. REFERENCE Crumbley, D. Larry (2009). Journal of Forensic Accounting, www. rtedwards. com. journals/JFA/evidentiary. html, January 9. Golden, T, Skalak, S Clayton, M 2006, A Guide to Forensic Accounting Investigation, John Wiley and Sons Latshaw, C. A. , â€Å"Fraudulent Financial Reporting: The Government and Accounting Profession React,† Review of Business, Spring 2005, pp. 13-15. Silverstone, H. and Sheetz, M. , â€Å"Forensic Accounting and Fraud Investigation for Non-Experts,† Wiley Sons, Inc. , 2008. Turnbull, N. (2005) Internal Control – Revised Guidance for Directors on the Combined Code. FRC, London. How to cite The Role of Forensic Accountants in Corporate Governance, Essay examples

Short-Run Shut Down Decision

Question: Discuss about the Short-Run Shut Down Decision. Answer: Introduction: In the short run at least one factor of production is fixed while others are variable in the production process. If the market price for goods falls below average total cost for example due to cheaper substitute the firm faces several alternative decisions. Costs influence the shut-down decisions since the firms total fixed costs will still be incurred regardless of the level of production a firm may opt not to shut-down if demand for its products and loss incurred in production is lower than total fixed costs. In the long run as other firms shut down the firm anticipates an increase in the demand for its product which eventually returns the firms profit maximizing position where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (Hall Lieberman, 2012; Wang Yang, 2001). However, if the total loss of production is greater than total fixed costs the firm ought to shut-down to minimize economic losses. References Hall, R. E., Lieberman, M. (2012). Microeconomics: Principles and applications. Cengage Learning. Wang, X. H., Yang, B. Z. (2001). Fixed and sunk costs revisited. The Journal of Economic Education, 32(2), 178185.

Short-Run Shut Down Decision

Question: Discuss about the Short-Run Shut Down Decision. Answer: Introduction: In the short run at least one factor of production is fixed while others are variable in the production process. If the market price for goods falls below average total cost for example due to cheaper substitute the firm faces several alternative decisions. Costs influence the shut-down decisions since the firms total fixed costs will still be incurred regardless of the level of production a firm may opt not to shut-down if demand for its products and loss incurred in production is lower than total fixed costs. In the long run as other firms shut down the firm anticipates an increase in the demand for its product which eventually returns the firms profit maximizing position where marginal revenue equals marginal cost (Hall Lieberman, 2012; Wang Yang, 2001). However, if the total loss of production is greater than total fixed costs the firm ought to shut-down to minimize economic losses. References Hall, R. E., Lieberman, M. (2012). Microeconomics: Principles and applications. Cengage Learning. Wang, X. H., Yang, B. Z. (2001). Fixed and sunk costs revisited. The Journal of Economic Education, 32(2), 178185.

Hurricanes Essays (1143 words) - Vortices, , Term Papers

Hurricanes Summer is over and fall has arrived- but many people to the south of us are observing another season- hurricane season. According to the Montshire Museum of Science, "hurricanes usually occur in the North Atlantic from June to November, with most of them in September." On average, between six to eight hurricanes form in the North Atlantic or North Pacific each year (Montshire). However, as many as 15 have occurred in the Atlantic in a single year. Hurricanes are powerful, whirling storms that measure several hundred miles in diameter. The winds near the center of a hurricane blow at speeds of 74 miles per hour or more (World Book, 400). Many hurricanes leave a trail of widespread death and destruction. The definition of a hurricane, according to World Book Encyclopedia, is an area of low pressure that forms over oceans in tropical regions. Such a storm in the North Pacific Ocean is called a typhoon, and one in the South Pacific or Indian Ocean is called a cyclone. Most hurricanes originate within the doldrums, a "narrow equatorial belt characterized by intermittent calms, light variable breezes, frequent squalls, and lying between the northeast and southeast trade winds" (Encarta). Hurricanes consist of high-velocity winds blowing circularly around a low-pressure center, known as the eye of the storm. The low-pressure center develops when the warm, saturated air prevalent in the doldrums is under run and forced upward by denser, cooler air. From the edge of the storm toward its center, the atmospheric pressure drops sharply and the wind velocity rises. The winds attain maximum force close to the point of lowest pressure. Encarta Encyclopedia states that "hurricanes generally move in a path resembling the curve of a parabola". Also, that in the "Northern Hemisphere the storms usually travel first in a northwesterly direction and in the higher latitudes turn toward the northeast". "In the Southern Hemisphere the usual path of the hurricane is initially to the southwest and subsequently to the southeast". Hurricanes travel at varying rates. Those areas in which the hurricane winds blow in the same direction as the general movement of the storm are subjected to the maximum destructive violence of the hurricane. According to the research team at Storm Central, hurricanes go through a set of stages from birth to dissipation. Tropical disturbance is the beginning of a hurricane, and it has "no strong winds or closed isobars around an area of low pressure containing cloudiness and some precipitation". As the surface pressure begins to fall and winds increase to between 20 and 34 knots the tropical disturbances become tropical depressions. Tropical Depression has "at least one isobar that accompanies a drop in pressure in the center of the storm". Surface winds increase to speeds of 35 to 64 knots. The storm becomes more organized and the appearance begins to resemble a hurricane because of the intensifying circulation around the center of the storm. This phase is called the Tropical Storm. A tropical storm is "stronger than a depression as the central pressure drops, resulting in several closed isobars at the surface". Some tropical storms only progress this far and "die back down", several storms start out appearing as if they will be stronger and progress faster but lose their strength early on. However, if the storm proceeds it begins to take on the familiar hurricane appearance. This is a "pronounced rotation which develops around the center core". The eye develops corresponding to the "lowest atmospheric pressure near the center of the storm with spiral rain bands rotating around the eye of the storm". As surface pressures continue to drop, strengthening the pressure gradient of the storm, the "storm becomes a hurricane when sustained wind speeds exceed 64 knots". When a storm has advanced to the hurricane stage it can then be rated by the amount of strength that it has. This is done so by using the Saffir-Simpson scale, also known as the Simpson and Riehl Scale. The scale is a 1-5 rating based on the hurricane's present intensity. This is used to give an estimate of the "potential property damage and flooding expected along the coast from a hurricane landfall"(Hurricane99). Researchers at the Hurricane 99 weather site also say that, "wind speed is the determining factor in the scale, as storm surge values are highly dependent on the slope of the continental shelf in the landfall region". Well, if there is information on a subject then there must have been some way to find that information out. "Since 1953, U.S. military aircraft have been flying into hurricanes to measure

Essay Sample on Barack Obama as a President

Essay Sample on Barack Obama as a President Free example essay on Barack Obama : The Barack Obama presidency has elicited a lot of interest not only in the United States, but all around the world. Obama is not an international figure because of the color of his skin, but because of what he stands for, the values that he believes in. He managed to beat John McCain in the race to the White House, not because he was a better hero, but because he embodied what Americans had been lacking for a very long time: hope. Obama as president has been able to achieve a lot for his country. The war in Iraq and Afghanistan is about to become history, thanks to Obama-government policies. Many saw his anti-war sentiments as being cowardly, but the truth is the US does not have to be in a war that is basically senseless. His healthcare program is about to change how people access healthcare in the country. His economic policies have helped a lot of people survive the recent economic crunch. Pundits had tried to discredit him on the basis that he lacked the necessary experience to run the affairs of the United States. However it is clear that what America needs at this time is a visionary such as Obama, a man, who not only promises hope, but who acts on his promises. He managed to achieve what many other presidents ahead of him failed to achieve, and this was giving the American people a reason to believe in themselves, regardless of class, race or even religion. He is not just any Washington puppet; he is a selfless leader whose inspiration has seen the United States regain respect from the rest of the world.

Personal Statment Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statment - Personal Statement Example The psychology degree served to open up my mind because it helped me to understand human behavior from different perspectives. Most importantly, I learned critical theories that can be applied by organizations to ensure that a high performance and productivity is registered. After the successful completion of my psychology degree, I want to advance and undertake a master’s degree in management. I have the conviction that this is the right career path for me, as a management degree will open me to new realms of opportunities. A master of management degree focuses on exposing students to the modern organizational environments. Being able to understand the dynamism in modern organizational structures is of critical importance for any individual interested in holding senior managerial positions. Such knowledge will serve to augment my understanding of human behavior gained from my psychology degree. A combination of the two will prepare me adequately for a successful managerial career. I have the confidence that I will benefit immensely from the comprehensive master of management degree curriculum, and that I will graduate with the relevant knowledge required for my dream

Art of early medieval europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Art of early medieval europe - Essay Example These tables are so informative and they have lots of knowledge embedded within them. The Book of Kells contains all the four Gospels. It is of critical significance to note that majority of the texts found within the Book of Kells draw their origin from the original Bible. However, a number of the texts found in the Book of Kells are from Vulgate. It is important to acknowledge the fact that the Book of Kells was written in a Columbian monastery. One of the propositions is that the creation of the Book of Kells took place in Britain. However, there are several speculations that the creation of the Book of Kells took place in Ireland. In relation to this, majority of the people around the world majorly believe that the creation of the Book of Kells took place in Ireland. The reality surrounding the exact place of origin has made many scholars of the book spend more time in research. However, on this basis, a number of propositions have been put forward relevant to this. However, it is important to note that such propositions as well as suggestions have been contradictory. This has also created a sense of controversy following the discrepancies in similarity amongst the scholars’ findings. In addition, the exact date and time when the Book of Kells was created has also been a matter of discussion for many years. However, the most important thing to note irrespective of the different speculations, predictions as well as suggestions from the scholars is that the book has drawn lots of interest from several people around the world. It is believed that the Book of Kells was written by three key personalities2. These personalities have had various influences in certain key artistic aspects of the Ireland during such periods. They were very famous artists during the time when the Book of Kells was being written. As such, they took the roles of ensuring that the book had

Facebook - The Question of Privacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Facebook - The Question of Privacy - Essay Example Users of the Facebook website vary from individuals who post profiles with photographs and videos freely to the other end of the spectrum, those who post, but secure their profiles out of fear that their personal information is at risk (Sutherland). A contradiction exists in regards to perspectives on privacy. People want to feel safe on the Internet, going to great lengths to minimize their â€Å"cyber footprint† (Changing Ways), from removing their contact information from directories to complaining about â€Å"their houses being visible on Google Earth† (Grayling). Yet, millions of other people cannot spend a single day without Internet-access, informing the world of their every action via Twitter and updating their Facebook status with their every thought, a plethora of photographs and personal details. Perhaps the attraction is in the projection of an ideal or image rather than conveying truth (Grayling). That said, Grayling implies websites like Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, chat rooms, and other blog sites, may not be extinguishing users’ privacy as much as people think.... For example, users are now prompted to accept the Facebook terms and conditions when opening an application for the first time, granting the application developer access to personal contact information from the user’s personal profile. This change is geared toward one of Facebook’s largest company initiatives for 2011—e-commerce (Townsend). Although users are prompted to accept or decline the granting of access to personal information when the permission box pops up, it is unlikely that users will read the new terms. Townsend suggests most Internet users have been trained to bypass the fine print and get to the bottom line, clicking anything necessary to get them to what they were initially trying to do. Facebook cannot be blamed for users failing to read the fine print, can they? Based on Townsend’s research on the subject of privacy and recent changes made by the company, it seems Facebook is focusing on profiting from the personal information of its use rs. The value of contact information and personal details that are provided on the website so freely serves as one of the company’s â€Å"greatest potential revenue streams for the future† (Townsend). While Facebook is protecting itself by adding new terms to the permission box that pops up when users access developer applications, it may not only be Facebook benefiting from the personal details being transmitted. Townsend describes rogue applications that are intended to farm user information by pretending to be something they are not. Facebook claims to carefully monitor scams (â€Å"Facebook†) such as faux applications that gain access to users information in this manner, but it could take several days before the application is caught and eliminated; meaning countless users at the hands

Desorption Ionization Methods Essay

Desorption Ionization Methods Essay Pharmaceutical science Desorption ionization methods owning a powerful capability in pharmaceutical field in which the ionization sources provided by the respective mass spectrometers was able to minimize the damage causing any variations in molecular structures of the samples (Monagas, Quintanilla-Là ³pez, Gà ³mez-Cordovà ©s, Bartolomà ©, Lebrà ³n-Aguilar, 2010). The prevention can be done by using ideal matrix mixed with the analytes, owning properties of strong absorption, good mixing and having low vapor pressure. With these properties the mass spectrometer are able more accurate in determine the intact molecular m/z value of the analytes. MALDI-TOF MS Huge numbers of researchers was reported a species that associate with various benefits in health known as proanthocyanidins , a polyphenols compounds which having properties of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases prevention (Aron Kennedy, 2008). Several authors were characterized proanthocynidins in both plants and non-plants foods by the application of MALDI-TOF MS in term different mode of detection and mass species. Two different mode of detection, reflectron mode and linear mode, have been well applied in proanthocynidins analysis. By using MALDI-TOF MS applying on proanthocynidins analysis owning a great advantages in minimize the difficulty in interpret the spectra in which it used single-charged molecular ions for detection that can eliminate those impurities peak that generate by other sources (Monagas, Quintanilla-Là ³pez, Gà ³mez-Cordovà ©s, Bartolomà ©, Lebrà ³n-Aguilar, 2010). The proanthocynidins are essential in food plants and non-food plants sample. This review was provides three example for both plants that are available in journal article. For the food plants, apple juice procyanidins was detected by MALDI-TOF MS in linear mode by both [M+Na]+ and [M+K]+ had been well studies by Shoji, et al. (2006). The authors were concluded that the apple juice procyanidins was exit as B-type procyanidins and the observed mass of the species reported as [M+K]+ are higher than [M+Na]+. Other foods plant, Grape seeds, was reported by Krueger, et al. (2000) as [M+Na]+ in both reflectron and linear mode. The type of proanthocyanidin was being detected are B-type procyanidins and galloylated (esterified form) in various range of degree of polymerization (DP). It was found that the linear mode can be detected up to DP 11 while reflectron mode only can detect up to DP 9. Besides, Krueger, et al. in 2003 was reported another foods plant, Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moen ch), as [M+Cs]+ in the reflectron mode was able to detect A- and B-type procyanidins and prodelphinidins. Due to the complexity of this food plant, the authors enable the detection up to DP9 containing up to 5 A-type linkages and confirming the abundance of the linkages in Sorghum (Krueger, Vestling, Reed, 2003). On the other hand, non-food plants proanthocynidins can also applied by MALDI-TOF MS. However, in the application of non-food plants, unlike application in food plants, Hedqvist, et al. (2000) was reported the Lotus corniculatus (var. Fargus) have presented B-type procyanidins and prodelphinidins by the application in both reflectron and linear mode were detected as [M+Na]+. By establishing reflectron mode, B-type procynanidins and prodelphinidins in acetylated form in bark of Pinus radiata were reported by Ku and Mun (2007). Besides, profisetinidins and prorobinetinidins in heartwood of Quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) were reported by Vivas, et al. (2004). Table 1: Characterization of proanthocyanidins from both food plants and non-food plants by MALDI-TOF MS analysis Materials Substrate Mode Mass specie Observed mass Proanthocynidin type Reference Food plants Apple juice Liner [M+Na]+ [M+K]+ 1754-2907 1770-2923 B-type procynanidins Shoji et al. (2006) Grape seeds Reflectron Liner [M+Na]+ [M+Na]+ 601-2618 600-3349 B-type procynanidins, galloylated Krueger et al. (2000) Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Reflectron [M+Cs]+ 1285-2759 A- and B-type procynanidins and prodelphinidins Krueger et al. (2003) Non-food plants Lotus corniculatus (var. Fargus) Linear and reflectron [M+Na]+ 1177-1817 B-type procynanidins and prodelphinidins Hedqvist et al. (2000) Bark of Pinus radiata Reflectron [M+Na]+ 1020-4067 B-type procynanidins and prodelphinidins (acetylated form) Ku and Mun (2007) Heartwood of Quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) Reflectron [M+Na]+ 841-2237 Profisetinidins and prorobinetinidins Vivas et al. (2004) FAB-MS The application of FAB-MS in pharmaceuticals sector was baring an importance role in analyzing those nonvolatile compounds in yields abundant ions and detailed fragmentation data (Bartner, et al., 1997). Everninomicin-6 (EV-6) was reported as an oligosaccharide antibiotic by Bartner, et al. (1997). The authors were using previous studies, Everninomicin-D (EV-D), by comparing their fragmentation m/z value in order to well analyze the fragmentation. Besides, the paper also operated by using various types of matrices in order to illustrated more structurally informative fragment ions such as glycerol, thioglycerol, glycerol/thioglycerol, 3-nitro-benzyl alcohol (3NBA), and 3NBA+NaCl. In the studies, the FAB spectra were yields a very weak protonated and a relatively low-abundance sodiated molecular ions at m/z 1335 and 1357 respectively. The authors were emphasize that the matrix, NaCl doped 3NBA was producing the best result among the matrices that they were used. The spectra were able to shown a clearer enhancement of the sodiated molecular ion at m/z 1357 and the authors also able to determine several series of the molecular fragmentation. This make the spectra more essential in define the structurally informative ion constituent. However, negative-ion FAB-MS had been investigated by the authors for the structural analysis perform by using DMSO-3NBA matrix and produced abundant molecular ion at m/z 1333 and a series of cleavage of ions peak. Table 2: The relatively abundance molecular ions peak of the Everninomicin-6 (EV-6) in DMSO solvent Matrices Mass specie Observed mass Assignation 50:50 glycerol/thioglycerol (gly/thio) [M+H]+ 1335 1357 -very weak protonated molecules ion -low-abundance sodiated molecular ion 3NBA + NaCl [M+Na]+ 1357 -abundant sodiated molecular ion 3NBA [M-H] 1333 -abundant molecular fragment ion SIMS Applications of SIMS in pharmaceutical sector are used to detect the surface morphologies of the analyte. In order further improve the detection limit, Chen, et al. (2011) research was using C60 cluster ion sources. The studies were done by the event-by-event bombardment/detection mode and providing benefits which allowed the detector very narrow length (~10nm) molecules. Chen, et al. (2011) were reported that this mode was increased the sensitivity of the detection toward the closer distances between nanoparticle probe and amino acid sites of an antibody. It was reported that the gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was modified in which the antiCD4 cooperate to the AuNPs and immobilized on the cell for analyze. It was reported that the negative ions that cleavage by the molecules in the range of m/z 30 to 120 were indicating the present of the antibodies on the cell. Besides, m/z 197 and m/z 223 corresponding to Au and AuCN respectively, were shown the importance of the peak which indicating the immobilization was successful. On the other hand, the ions source of C60 caused the impact on the lipid membrane region where the fragmentation palmitate (C16H31O2) and oletate (C18H33O2) at m/z 255 and 283 respectively had occurred. Table 3: The co-emitted secondary ions and observed mass of AuNPs-antiCD4 labeled cell surface analyzed with C60 ToF-SIMS Detected species Co-emitted secondary ions Observed mass AuNPs-antiCD4 conjugates Au AuCN 197 223 Cell lipid membrane C16H31O2 C18H33O2 255 283

Love Despite Dominance in Like Water for Chocolate by Laura Esquivel and The House of Bernarda Alba by Federico Garcia Lorca :: Compare and Contrast

Literature often words complex phenomena, which otherwise possibly remain ignored. One example of such complex phenomena is the coexistence of two contradictory elements, dominance and love. Dominant personalities in Like Water for Chocolate and The House of Bernarda Alba, Mama Elena and Bernarda Alba respectively, do not explicitly display love towards their daughters, but it is revealed by their behaviour and uncharacteristic actions. Some elements of characterization or narrative mode in both the works try to limit the reader’s perception of the dominant personalities to their static characteristics. In Like Water for Chocolate, we are told the story from a limited subjective third person point of view. Tita’s grandniece is a limited narrator, who knows absolutely everything about a single character of Tita and every piece of knowledge in that character's mind, but it is ‘limited’ to that character – that is, things unknown to the focal character (Tita) are not described. So, this point of view may be considered unreliable. The presence of Tita’s hatred towards Mama Elena almost throughout the book, and the portrayal of Mama Elena as a ‘haunting’ character as a ghost, also contribute to limited perspective of the work. We are presented with only one static feature of Mama Elena. In The House of Bernarda Alba, even though the use of dialogue broadens the range the perspectives, Bernarda’s dialogue compared to that of others is limited. The fact that there is no soliloquy with Bernarda can imply a limitation to the perspectives open to the reader. We are shown only the dominant side of Bernarda’s character. The hatred of Poncia, who is one of the few characters shown from different perspectives, towards Bernarda can also be considered as a limiting factor of the perspectives. Thus, the reader’s perception is narrowed down. While Mama Elena and Bernarda Alba are seen as tyrants from a rather narrow perspective, they can otherwise be seen as traditionalist mothers. From this fresh perspective, it could be argued that Mama Elena is nothing more than an orthodox mother who assorted to cruel methods including corporal punishment to mould her children in her own best way. From Mama Elena’s perspective, she makes choices that are, as she â€Å"[thinks] best for [them]† (p. 167). This perspective is particularly relevant to the upbringing of Tita: â€Å"Magi never brought [Tita] what she asked for, but instead what Mama Elena thought best for her.† (p. 167) Mama Elena’s character as a traditionalist mother is further revealed from specific incidents: providing Tita something â€Å"better† than Three King’s Day Bread, forcing Tita to re-sew her stitches because she did not baste it (p.

Impact of the Russian revolution †Ideology matters Essay

I. BACKDROP: GERMAN IDEALISM AND RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARIES German philosophers in the 19th century were often â€Å"Idealists,† that is to say that they maintained that ideas have a force, power, and reality that is more â€Å"real† than that concrete, reality that so consume us in our daily lives. German idealism dominated the 19th-century Russian revolutionary movement from the Decembrist Revolt of 1825 until long after Lenin’s successful revolutionary coup that we call the October (or Bolshevik or Communist) Revolution of 1917. While I never want to downplay the central role of raw hypocrisy in human affairs, much of what we in the United States have interpreted as hypocrisy in the Soviet Union-the dissonance between the profound humanism of Marx’s ideas and the coarse violence of the Stalinist dictatorship-this hypocrisy can also be seen as the desperate attempt to coerce reality through the power of belief-through the power of the Idea. And one way to interpret the ultimate collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 was that the Soviets had lost their ability to convince themselves that the Leninist/Stalinist Idea had the power to transform reality into a better future. With the collapse of this self-justifying, central Myth that legitimized the Soviet experience, the Soviet Union died not with a bang but rather whimpered into Lev Trotsky’s â€Å"dust bin of history.† With this introduction, I would now like to offer three examples in the Russian Revolutionary experience where Ideas profoundly affected the future course of events. Only toward the end of the Twentieth Century have these effects begun to run out of steam. II. THREE EXAMPLES A. â€Å"MODERATE† SOCIALISM AND THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION OF 1917 The first example involves the reaction of moderate socialists to the February Revolution in Petrograd in 1917. Moderate Socialists, including the Marxist Mensheviks in contrast to Lenin’s Bolsheviks, had adopted a position that Russia was not yet ready for a Socialist Revolution; reading Marx’s Stages of History quite literally, they understood that the Bourgeois Revolution had to come first and had to take place under the leadership of the bourgeoisie. The working class movement thus had to be satisfied with playing the role of a party of the extreme opposition-the bourgeois revolution must come first and be developed, and the responsibility of the proletariat was to encourage this historical necessity. Real consequences flowed from this belief. When the women, workers, and soldiers of Petrograd spontaneously took to the streets in February 1917, it took only several days for them to overthrow the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty. They then handed power they had won in the streets to their moderate socialist leadership-none of whom were philosophically or psychologically ready to assume the mantle of power. Consistent with their beliefs, the socialists in turn handed power to the bourgeoisie who established the Provisional Government. Not having the complete courage of their convictions, however, the moderate socialists also established the Petrograd Soviet which basically held veto-power over the actions of the bourgeois Provisional Government. This â€Å"compromise† established the period of â€Å"Dual Power† which was inherently unstable. In retrospect, it is amazing that the Provisional Government, amidst the catastrophe of World War I, managed to hold on to power until October of 1917 when Lenin’s and Trotsky’s Bolsheviks managed a coup d’etat to take power. Lenin, like his Menshevik cousins, was a Marxist, but his Marxism focused less on the determinist element of Marx’s Stages of History than on the ability of the individual to assert his will on history. For him, there was no need to wait patiently for the bourgeoisie to fulfill their historical duty at their own leisure; Bolshevism could force the pace. Lenin’s Will to Power and his belief in the power of the Idea to change reality made the difference between his success and the moderate socialists’ failure. B. LENIN’S IMPERIALISM, THE HIGHEST STAGE OF CAPITALISM The second example of the power of the Idea concerns Soviet influence on the developing world. Lenin wrote Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism in 1917, during the trials of the First World War and before the Bolshevik Revolution, to explain two crucial contradictions facing Marxists of the day. The first contradiction concerned the delayed outbreak of the promised world revolution. After all, it had already been sixty-nine years since Marx in the Communist Manifesto had proclaimed that â€Å"A Specter is haunting Europe-the specter of Communism.† What had gone wrong? The second failure of the Marxist promise involved the inability of the world’s proletariat to prevent war and its rejection of internationalism for nationalism. It had been a common belief among those of all political stripes from the far right to the far left, that socialist influence on the proletariat had made a major European war impossible. One of the central socialist beliefs was that wars are fought for the benefit of capitalist profits. Now, with the spread of democracy and the entry of powerful socialist parties into Europe’s parliaments, the capitalists could try to provoke war to their heart’s delight but would find it impossible to vote war credits through parliament or to mobilize soldiers who, following their socialist leadership, would refuse to fight. These ideas evoke memories of the anti-Vietnam War poster: â€Å"What if they gave a war and nobody came?† Lenin’s ingenious answer to both questions came in his book, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism. In it he argued that the concentration of production had transformed the capitalism of free competition into monopoly capitalism. The concentration of production also had dramatically increased the socialization of production. Big banks had changed from pure credit institutions into business banks and as such they dominated whole sectors of industry. Together the banks and industry were tied in with government. This coalescence of bank capital with industrial capital with strong government ties had led to the formation of a financial oligarchy that controlled large sections of the national economy. Share issues and state loans had increased the power and amount of surplus capital which flowed beyond political frontiers and extended the financial oligarchy’s control to other countries. The capital exporting monopolies had divided the world among themselves; international cartels formed the basis for international relations, and the economic division of the world provided the ground for the struggle for colonies, spheres of influence, and world domination. But once the world was divided up, the struggle had become one for the repartitioning of the world. Because the economic development of individual countries is uneven and sporadic, some were left at a disadvantage in this repartitioning. Imperialism represented a special, highest, stage of capitalism. The transition to a capitalism of this higher order was connected with an aggravation of contradictions, frictions, and conflicts. Monopolists assured profits by corrupting the upper stratum of the proletariat in the developed countries. The imperialist ideology permeated the working class. In other words, the burden of bourgeois oppression had been shifted from the shoulders of the domestic proletariat to those of the colonial peoples. In effect, the domestic proletariat had been bribed and they came to see that their material interests were tied up with colonial enterprise. Now, successful war to repartition the world in the favor of a particular nation made fighting war against fellow proletarians in other countries worthwhile. With his theory, Lenin seemingly had explained those two problems with Marx. The revolution had not yet swept the world because the potential revolutionaries, the proletariat, had been bribed by the illusion of short-term, material gains to forget their true, long-term interests. They had rejected their class-based internationalism for nationalism because wars fought to expand colonial holdings appeared to be in their material self-interest. Hence they did not prevent the outbreak of the Great War. This theory held long-term importance because Lenin, unlike Marx and Engels, did not see the revolutionary perspectives as centered uniquely upon advanced capitalist countries. After the Great War, in a period of â€Å"Capitalist Encirclement† the Soviets attacked â€Å"the weak link in the chain of imperialism,† the colonies. Political influence went to where the oppression was-the colonies. In the colonial and post-colonial world after World War II, given the absence of an entrepreneurial bourgeoisie with the will and capacity to transform existing conditions and to overcome the entrenched interests opposed to full-scale development, a gospel of competitive individualism seemed useless for modernization to those in the Third World. What appeared to be needed to get the underdeveloped country moving has been collective effort inspired by a national sense of political purpose. Only governments had sufficient capital, organizational skills, and commitment to make rapid development possible. Ideologically, therefore, the intelligentsia of such countries gravitated to one or another of the various socialist doctrines-something that in general might be described as state capitalism, that is, the state and not private individuals perform the entrepreneurial duties of gathering land, labor, and capital for productive enterprise. Socialist rhetoric disguised this crucial essence . For most of the twentieth century, Soviet Russia provided the model for those in the Third World who wished to rapidly modernize their countries. And rapid modernization was necessary for the sake of national prestige and independence. Russia’s success seemed obvious when we note that within forty short years Russia had risen from the ashes of World War I to defeat Hitler, to become one of the world’s two superpowers, and to be the first in space. Just as important as was this practical example was the vocabulary provided by Lenin. That Marx himself had had little to say to the underdeveloped world mattered little. I would argue that many Third World leaders, for two contentious examples Ho Chi-Minh and Fidel Castro, who led revolutions to assert national pride, independence, and prosperity, turned to Communism because Lenin had provided a vocabulary with a coherent explanation for colonial degradation and a means for asserting national regeneration. Additionally, of the major powers, the Soviet regime alone more-or-less consistently supported the aspirations of those wishing to throw off the oppression of colonialism and capitalism. Of course, today, the Communist model no longer holds the same allure it once did. C. TWO MARXIST HERESIES: LENINISM/STALINISM AND MUSSOLINI’S FASCISM The final example of the power of ideas generated during World War I involves the intimate, kissing cousin-relationship between Stalinist Communism and Mussolini’s Fascism. Despite facile assumptions, Fascism and Communism were not antipodes. Although their exact relationship remains difficult to define, there exist commonalties, as one author has pointed out: Fascism was the heir of a long intellectual tradition that found its origins in the ambiguous legacy left to revolutionaries in the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Fascism was, in a clear and significant sense, a Marxist heresy. It was a Marxism creatively developed to respond to the particular and specific needs of an economically retarded national community condemned, as a proletarian nation, to compete with the more advanced plutocracies of its time for space, resources, and international stature. Was this kind of self-awareness present as thinkers and politicians struggled to define these two ideologies as they co-developed earlier in this century? In fact, many did recognize that their common interests held much greater weight than did the Talmudic differences between Fascism and Communism. Arturo Labriola’s Avanguardia Socialista of Milan by 1903 had become the forum for Italy’s Sorelian syndicalist revolutionaries, who were struggling to make Marx relevant and against reformist socialism. Such luminaries as Vilfredo Pareto and Benedetto Croce graced its pages, followed shortly by a second generation of Sorelian theoreticians, who came to dominate Italian radicalism for more than a generation. Together they constructed an alternative socialist orthodoxy, which they believed was the true heir to classical Marxism. Clearly, their ideas were no more heretical to those of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels than was Lenin’s Marxism. By 1904 Mussolini, then a socialist agitator in Switzerland, had begun his collaboration with Avanguardia Socialista, a relationship he maintained for the next five years. The syndicalist contributors to the journal affected the future Duce’s intellectual and political development. Radical syndicalists like A. O. Olivetti innovatively argued that, under retarded economic conditions, socialists must appeal to national sentiment if their ideas are to penetrate the masses. For him, both syndicalism and nationalism were dedicated to increasing production dramatically. As long as Italy remained underdeveloped, the bourgeoisie remained necessary to build the economic foundation requisite for a socialist revolution. Olivetti spoke of a national socialism, because in an underdeveloped economy, only the nation could pursue the economic development presupposed by classical Marxism. When Mussolini took over as editor of the socialist paper, Avanti!, in December 1912, he attracted anarchists and even some rigid Marxists like Angelica Balabanoff, whom he took on as his assistant editor. Paolo Orano, who served on the editorial staff of Avanti!, along with other syndicalists like Sergio Panunzio, set the tone of that socialist paper. Mussolini also founded and edited Utopia from November 1913 until December of the following year. This bi-monthly review attracted many of the most important young socialist and syndicalist theoreticians, who helped Mussolini to develop his own ideas. In the final years before the First World War, many independent national syndicalists, including Panunzio and Ottavio Dinale saw war as progressive. Helping to put together the rationale for Fascism, they supported Italy’s fight with the Ottomans over Libya in 1911, and, along with Mussolini, they called for Italy’s intervention in the First World War. Many socialists now passed into Mussolini’s Fascist ranks, and syndicalists such as Panunzio, Olivetti, and Orano, became its principal ideologues. As early as October 1914, Olivetti in Pagine Libere spoke of an Italian socialism infused with national sentiment, a socialism destined to complete Italy’s unification, to accelerate production, and to place it among the world’s advanced nations. Over the next three years in L’Italia Nostra, Olivetti spoke of the nation as uniting men of all classes in a common pursuit of historical tasks; class membership did not align an individual against the nation, but united him with the nation. Patriotism was fully compatible with the revolutionary tradition of Italian socialism. By the time of Mussolini’s accession to power, Fascism had given clear evidence of its commitment to industrialization and modernization of the economy. Not only were the Futurists, Nationalists, and National Syndicalists agreed that maximizing production was the first order of business, but all also advocated urban development, the rationalization of financial institutions, the reorganization of the bureaucracy on the basis of technical competence, the abolition of â€Å"traditional† and nonfunctional agencies, the expansion of road, rail, waterways, and telephonic communications systems, the modernization and secular control of the educational system, and the reduction of illiteracy. What does this mean for Fascism’s relationship with Soviet Russia? Mussolini by 1919 was pointing out the absolute decline in economic productivity in Russia as proving its failure to recognize its historic obligations. He suspected that the Bolsheviks ultimately had to commit themselves to national reconstruction and national defense, that is, to some form of developmental national socialism as defined by Fascism’s former syndicalists. Speaking of the Bolshevik failure to comprehend their revolutionary necessities, Mussolini presciently predicted that Lenin had to appeal to bourgeois expertise to repair Russia’s ravaged economy. Bolshevism, he said, must â€Å"domesticate† and mobilize labor to the task of intensive development, something which could have been anticipated, because Marxism had made it quite clear that socialism could be built only upon a mature economic base. Russia, not having yet completed the capitalist stage of economic development, me t none of the material preconditions for a classic Marxist revolution. Russia was no more ripe than was Italy for socialism. Lenin, in the practical working out of his revolutionary government, did run headlong into many of these conundrums predicted by the syndicalists. In the months following his takeover, he had expected that the revolution in Germany would bail Soviet Russia out of its difficulties. Thus, while the first Fascists were organizing for a national revolution, the bolsheviks were still dreaming of an international insurrection. Lenin, changing horses, in 1921 proposed the New Economic Policy to replace the ideologically purer but failed War Communism. Like Fascists, Lenin now spoke of holding the entire fabric of society together with â€Å"a single iron will,† and he began to see the withering away of the state as a long way away: â€Å"We need the state, we need coercion†-certainly a Fascist mantra. After Lenin’s death in 1924, this logic culminated in 1925 with Stalin’s â€Å"creative development† of Marxism: â€Å"Socialism in One Country,† a national socialism by any other name. Mussolini suspected that Stalin might be abandoning true Communism. This, it seemed, might provide economic advantages to Italy, and to Mussolini it made sense for his country to build ships and planes for the Soviets in exchange for one-third of Italy’s oil supplies. For him the even more interesting possibility was that Stalin might be the true heir to the tsars and an imperialist with whom Fascism could see eye-to-eye. In 1923, the Duce predicted, â€Å"Tomorrow there will not be an imperialism with a socialist mark, but . . . [Russia] will return to the path of its old imperialism with a panslavic mark.† Mussolini convinced himself that Russian Communism was proving to be less revolutionary than was Fascism. The Duce and some of his followers considered it possible that the two movements were moving together closely enough as to be no longer easily distinguishable. Even dedicated Fascist party workers such as Dino Grandi, Mussolini’s foreign minister from 1928 to 1932, early recognized Fascism’s affinities with Lenin’s Bolshevism. He had taken at least part of his own intellectual inspiration from revolutionary syndicalism, and in 1914 he had talked of the First World War as a class struggle between nations. Six years later, Grandi argued that socialists had failed to understand the simple reality of what was happening in revolutionary Russia. The Bolshevik Revolution had been nothing less than the struggle of an underdeveloped and proletarian nation against the more advanced capitalist states. Not only Fascists made this sort of analysis. Torquato Nanni, a revolutionary Marxist socialist and an early acquaintance of Mussolini, as early as 1922 had anticipated these developments. He analyzed the common economic foundations of Fascism and Bolshevism, which produced the related strategic, tactical, and institutional features of these two mass-mobilizing, developmental revolutions. Both, he wrote, had assumed the bourgeois responsibilities of industrializing backward economies and defending the nation-state, the necessary vehicle for progress. Lev Trotsky, the organizer of the October Revolution, consistently, even mulishly, argued that Fascism was a mass movement growing organically out of the collapse of capitalism. He also rejected all notions of any sort of â€Å"national† Communism. Nonetheless, he too recognized a certain involution. â€Å"Stalinism and Fascism,† he said, in spite of a deep difference in social foundations, are symmetrical phenomena. In many of their features they show a deadly similarity. A victorious revolutionary movement in Europe would immediately shake not only fascism, but Soviet Bonapartism. (that is, Stalinism) He, however, refused to go as far as his sometime ally, Bruno Rizzi, who later argued that the assumption of similar developmental and autarchic responsibilities could only generate social and ideological convergence. He lamented, â€Å"that which Fascism consciously sought, [the Soviet Union] involuntarily constructed.† For him, the governments of Stalin, Mussolini, Hitler, and even Roosevelt were lurching toward a global system of â€Å"bureaucratic collectivism,† a new form of class domination. Fascist theoreticians agreed with such convergence notions. By 1925, Panunzio claimed that Fascism and Bolshevism shared crucial similarities. Fascists noted that the Soviets had created an armed, authoritarian, anti-liberal state, which had mobilized and disciplined the masses to the service of intensive internal development. The supreme state generated and allocated resources, articulated and administered interests, and assumed and exercised paramount pedagogical functions. Thus, while the first Fascists were formulating the rationale for a mass-mobilizing, developmental, authoritarian, hierarchical, anti-liberal, and statist program guided by a charismatic leader, events had forced the Bolsheviks along the same course. Both intended to create a modern, autarchic, industrial system, which would insure political and economic independence for what had been an underdeveloped national community. With forced industrialization and â€Å"state capitalism,† the Soviets hoped to bring Russia all the benefits of bourgeois modernization. In the face of required austerity, to mobilize their respective populations, the Communists and Fascists alike supplemented economic incentives with pageantry, ritual, ceremony, and parades. All this, coupled with territorial aggression, completed a compelling picture of â€Å"systemic symmetry.† III. CONCLUSION I have presented three diverse examples of the impact of the Russian Revolution on subsequent history. There are other potential examples. I find it interesting that events so crucial to the twentieth century, now seem to be fading so rapidly in their influence. One real benefit of examining the Communist Revolution within the larger question of â€Å"how best to develop† is that the Revolution loses its sense of seminal criticality. For all the pathos surrounding the effort, it becomes just another interesting attempt at rapid development-a failed attempt at that. While I would happily argue that Marx still has relevance for us today, especially in his critique of capitalism if not particularly in his solutions, clearly Lenin and Stalin no longer do.

Barriers Essays - Educational Psychology, Learning, Problem Solving

Barriers Essays - Educational Psychology, Learning, Problem Solving There are many things that can be considered barriers to your critical thinking. Things like the media, your family and friends, classmates, or any social interaction that could potentially influence the way you think. For me personally I find it very difficult to block out opinions and influences from my family. They are the center of most of the things I do so therefore I feel like my decision about things need to be based on that. I would like to work harder at telling my family how I feel, but then conduct the research and studying I need to get all the facts. If and then I will make my decisions but not a fraction sooner. I need to explain to my family why and what I am doing so I can help them grow and understand the importance of critical thinking. I believe if they understand why I am trying to change my way of thinking it will be easier for them to adjust to. I also think one of my big barriers to critical thinking is the time crunch. I would rather just take the time to make my decision based off things I think I already know. If I take all the time I need to research a subject I know I would get a better understanding and deeper meaning but I have things to do. I feel like I need to prioritize the thinking process in my everyday life so it doesnt feel like a burden but something I just do because I need to. I need to do everything I can to incorporate critical thinking in my life so I dont feel like it is time consuming but rather a part of my day.

Sensory Perception essays

Sensory Perception essays Like all animals, human beings receive pertinent information about the world through sensory perception: seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, and tasting. This raw data is then analyzed and interpreted by the brain, and thus conceptions of the universe are formed. Most of our definitions and judgments about reality are dependent upon sensation and perception. In fact, science is largely based on sensory data, and science greatly informs our definitions of reality. Moreover, our definition of reality can be distorted by our senses and perceptions. For example, optical illusions create erroneous pictures. Depending on the reliability of our sense organs, the definition of reality can differ from person to person. For the most part, however, human beings share a vision of reality because of the uniformity of sensory data. We agree that the sky is blue, leaves are green, and lemons are sour. Furthermore, we make judgments based on sensations and perceptions. A foul smell will warn us that food has gone bad, for instance. An angry face can inform us of the emotional state of another human being, and often prompts us to react accordingly. Those who are deprived of one or more of the senses, such as the blind or the deaf, will perceive reality differently. A blind person, for example, will base reality on hearing, feeling, smelling, and tasting, in the absence of Most people distinguish reality from fantasy by relying on sensation and perception. That which cannot be seen, touched, heard, smelled, or tasted exists in the realm of the imagination. Reality, therefore, becomes that which is reliably and consistently perceived by the senses. We know that tables are hard and jackhammers are loud because our senses tell us so; likewise, we know that leprechauns do not exist because we have never Aesthetics are also based on sensation and perception. Some people ...

China, Asia and Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

China, Asia and Globalization - Essay Example However, the article goes on to highlight the flaws and indicators of why people should be skeptical of the present state. It gives a series of factors that are presently inflicting misery on a potential global leader and the ways that can be used to correct these flaws. This is accompanied by comparisons with other similar economies such as India, South Korea and Japan that are all from the same region. The writer takes the audience first through the present vices that are facing the country such as pollution, and the growing workforce (Ebenstein et al 10). This is culminated by the effects that these factors will have on the economy not only in the present but also in future terms. It is an analysis of the indicators and their influence to the economy as global trends that need to be critically examined if a country aims at making it in future (Bremmer 41). These arguments are assertive of the writer’s main theme that is to highlight a skeptic nature of economic trends that can only be compounded by being short-term and not in the long-term. However, the article ends by highlighting that although there may be problems relating with a strong China a weak China is even more catastrophic to the world (Bremmer 42). This is attributable to the level of control that the country currently holds. One of the arguments that the article highlights is the level of control and independent nature of Chinese interactions where they have managed to malign themselves from the West. Western countries have in the past.

The Role of Research Methods in Education Essay

The Role of Research Methods in Education - Essay Example Many different approaches have been developed for researchers internationally supporting their work in all its aspects especially regarding the gathering of data/ info that is necessary for the development of various scientific projects. It should be noticed that scientific projects are not necessarily practical, i.e. they do not refer only to mathematical figures (statistics etc.); they can also be theoretical, i.e. referring to the structure and the effectiveness of a specific theoretical model (e.g. Porter’s five forces - in the business sector). In the case of education both the above forms of research, i.e. the practical and the theoretical one are likely to be used by all participants in the educational environment (educators, school administrators, students) when having to conduct research on a specific issue which is included in the curriculum. The value of research in education cannot be doubted; various views have been stated regarding the role of research in various educational areas. We could refer indicatively to the study of Randall et al. (1999) who noticed that ‘research in education is a value-free, unbiased, neutral, social scientific pursuit of truth, using the best methods, and models available—or so we were told when we were learning the craft’ (Randall et al., 1999, 7). In other words, research in education cannot be stable; it should be rather active and dynamic being changed continuously in accordance with the needs of the students, the characteristics of the educational environment and the ability of a specific educational organization to respond to the needs and the demands of a particular research project. It should also be noticed that research in education does not have a specific form; it can have either qualitative or quantitative characteristics or even both of them (after appropr iate transformation of the relevant research framework).